{"id":78382,"date":"2015-10-03T20:51:39","date_gmt":"2015-10-04T00:51:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/?page_id=78382"},"modified":"2016-01-11T22:40:52","modified_gmt":"2016-01-12T03:40:52","slug":"interesting-facts-in-provenance","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/?page_id=78382","title":{"rendered":"History of Racism In Provenance"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Race relations in America is a history of injustices. What people were forced to be and do to have the lives they wanted was sometimes extreme but in the face of injustice, often justified.<\/p>\n

\"From<\/a>
From Ebony Magazine 1952<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Passing<\/strong> or Racial passing<\/b> occurs when a person classified as a member of one racial<\/b> group is also accepted as a member of a different racial<\/b> group.\u00a0The history of passing is long and complicated. Blacks have passed as white and whites have\u00a0passed as black. The decision to pass is personal and the reasons as individual as the person making it.\u00a0Two excellent nonfiction books about the different implications of passing are A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life<\/em> by Allyson Hobbs<\/strong> and Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across The Color Line<\/em> by Martha A. Sandweiss. <\/strong>The seminal fiction book on the subject is Nella Larson’s Passing<\/em>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Virginia's<\/a>
Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Racial Integrity Act<\/strong> required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth and divided society into only two classifications: white and colored (essentially all other, which included numerous American Indians<\/span><\/u><\/a>). It defined race by the “one-drop rule<\/span><\/u><\/a>“, defining as “colored” persons with any African or Native American ancestry. It also expanded the scope of Virginia’s ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation law<\/span><\/u><\/a>) by criminalizing all marriages between white persons and non-white persons. In 1967 the law was overturned by the United States Supreme Court<\/span><\/u><\/a> in its ruling on Loving v. Virginia<\/span><\/u><\/a><\/i>.\u00a0(from Wikipedia)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Henry<\/a>
Henry Osswa Tanner by Federick Gutekunst (Paris 1907)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

African-Americans have lived and\u00a0worked in France since the 1800s<\/strong>. More than 200,000 African-Americans fought in\u00a0Great War, or World War I as we know it today,\u00a0and it is estimated that at least 90 percent of these expatriates were from the American south. Many chose to\u00a0stay in Europe to escape racism back in the United States. They soon became part of the Paris’ creative class, African-American musicians, artists, and Harlem Renaissance<\/span><\/u><\/a> writers found 1920s Paris ready to embrace them with open arms. Montmartre became the center of the small community, with jazz clubs such as Le Grand Duc, Chez Florence and Bricktop’s thriving in Paris.<\/p>\n

World War II brought much of the creativity in Paris\u00a0to an abrupt halt. The Nazi<\/span><\/u><\/a> invasion of Paris in June 1940 meant suppression of the “corrupt” influence of art, literature\u00a0and jazz in the French capital and danger of imprisonment for African-Americans choosing to remain in the city. Most Americans, black as well as white, left Paris to return to the United States as Europe erupted into World War II.<\/p>\n

The book Paris Noir: African-Americans in the City of Light by Tyler Stovall\u00a0<\/strong>is a\u00a0great resource and\u00a0reader can find more\u00a0books on African-Americans in Paris on Julia Brown’s\u00a0Spirit of Black Paris Blog.<\/a><\/p>\n

The book titles below contain affiliate links, which means I receive\u00a0nominal\u00a0compensation\u00a0if you make a purchase a book using these links. Readers are welcome to use other resources to\u00a0access any suggested material.\u00a0\u00a0The links on this page are provided strictly for the readers\u2019 convenience.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\"\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"<\/a>\"\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"<\/a>\"\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Race relations in America is a history of injustices. What people were forced to be and do to have the lives they wanted was sometimes extreme but in the face of injustice, often justified. Passing or Racial passing occurs when a person classified as a member of one racial group is also accepted as a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sfsi_plus_gutenberg_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_show_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_type":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_alignemt":"","sfsi_plus_gutenburg_max_per_row":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-78382","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/78382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=78382"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/78382\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":78606,"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/78382\/revisions\/78606"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/donnadrewsawyer.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=78382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}